Refraction at spherical surface (n2/v − n1/u = (n2−n1)/R)
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n2/v − n1/u = (n2−n1)/R
What each symbol means
| Symbol | What it stands for |
|---|---|
| R | Radius of curvature of spherical surface (signed) |
| u | Object distance measured along axis from curved surface (signed) |
| v | Image distance from curved surface (signed) |
| n_1 | Refractive index where object lies (side of incidence) |
| n_2 | Refractive index of second medium (refracted side) |
When to use this
Standard JEE / NCERT assumptions unless stated (paraxial, thin lens, coherent YDSE sources, etc.).