Force as rate of change of momentum (F = dp/dt)
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F = dp/dt
What each symbol means
| Symbol | What it stands for |
|---|---|
| F | Net external force (N) |
| p | Linear momentum = mv (kg·m/s) |
| t | Time (s) |
When to use this
Most general form of Newton's 2nd law. Reduces to F = ma when m is constant. Essential for variable mass systems (rockets, conveyor belts). For constant force: FΔt = Δp (impulse-momentum theorem).