Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation (F = G m1 m2 / r²)
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F = G m1 m2 / r²
What each symbol means
| Symbol | What it stands for |
|---|---|
| F | Magnitude of gravitational force between two point masses (N) |
| G | Universal gravitational constant ≈ 6.67×10⁻¹¹ N·m²/kg² |
| r | Centre-to-centre separation (m) |
| m_1,m_2 | Masses of the two particles (kg) |
When to use this
Point masses or spherically symmetric bodies treated as point masses at their centres. Force is attractive along the line joining centres.