AM Signal Bandwidth (Tone Modulation) (BW_AM ≈ 2 f_m)

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BW_AM ≈ 2 f_m

What each symbol means

SymbolWhat it stands for
f_mHighest frequency component in the message (Hz) for a single-tone or effective message bandwidth
BW_AMBandwidth of the AM signal (Hz) — width of occupied spectrum around carrier

When to use this

Double-sideband AM with carrier; message band-limited to f_m. For single tone cos(2πf_m t), sidebands at f_c ± f_m.