Colour of transition metal ions (d–d transitions) (Partially filled d → d-d excitation; observed colour is complementary to absorbed)

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Partially filled d → d-d excitation; observed colour is complementary to absorbed

What each symbol means

SymbolWhat it stands for
Photon absorbed in visible region
ΔECrystal-field / ligand-field splitting energy gap

When to use this

Requires incompletely filled d subshell; d⁰ and d¹⁰ often colourless in simple aqua ions (exceptions with LMCT exist).