Denaturation of Proteins (Native protein → Denatured protein (loss of secondary/tertiary/quaternary structure; 1°)

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Native protein → Denatured protein (loss of secondary/tertiary/quaternary structure; 1° structure intact)

What each symbol means

SymbolWhat it stands for
Native proteinBiologically active folded form
Denatured proteinUnfolded/misfolded form — loses biological activity
Denaturing agentsHeat, extreme pH, urea, detergents (SDS), heavy metal salts, organic solvents

When to use this

Disrupts H-bonds, hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, and disulfide bridges (in some cases). Primary structure (covalent peptide bonds) remains intact. Biological activity is lost. Sometimes reversible (renaturation), often irreversible (e.g., cooked egg).