Markovnikov's Rule (Polar Addition to Alkenes) (Electrophilic addition: proton goes to less substituted alkene carbon to give more stable)
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Electrophilic addition: proton goes to less substituted alkene carbon to give more stable carbocation; X⁻ completes at more substituted C
What each symbol means
| Symbol | What it stands for |
|---|---|
| HX | Polar hydrogen halide |
| carbocation | Rate-limiting cation stability |
When to use this
Typical for HCl, HBr, HI without peroxides; solvent polarity matters.